Private money loans offer collateral diversity beyond real estate, unlike hard money loans which are strictly secured by property. Private loans may be backed by businesses, equipment, or other valuable assets. The regulation of hard money lenders varies by state and depends on factors like loan type, borrower classification (consumer vs. business), and licensing rules. Here are the key areas of oversight:

1. State Regulations
Unlike traditional banks, hard money lenders are regulated at the state level rather than by federal agencies like the FDIC. This means that each state has different:

✅ Licensing requirements – Some states require lenders to register or obtain special licenses.
✅ Lending guidelines – Certain states have restrictions on loan amounts, terms, or borrower eligibility.
✅ Enforcement actions – States oversee compliance and may penalize lenders for unfair practices.

Borrowers should always check their state’s specific lending regulations before securing a hard money loan.

2. Licensing Requirements
Many states require hard money lenders to be licensed, but not all do. Licensing rules depend on:

🔹 Loan Type – Consumer loans often require more oversight than business-purpose loans.
🔹 Loan Size – Some states impose limits on unlicensed lenders regarding loan amounts.
🔹 Lender Location – A lender based in one state may need a license to operate in another.

Common licensing requirements include:

• Registering with a state financial oversight agency.
• Passing background checks and meeting financial responsibility criteria.
• Following disclosure and documentation standards.

States like California, Arizona, and New York have strict licensing laws, while others may have fewer requirements.

3. Usury Laws (Interest Rate Limits)
Most states have usury laws that cap how much interest lenders can charge. These laws prevent excessive interest rates but often have exceptions for business-purpose loans.

Here’s how it works:

✅ Consumer Loans – Stricter interest rate limits apply.
✅ Business Loans – More flexible, with exemptions in some states.
✅ Loan Size Matters – Larger loans may be exempt from usury laws.

Lenders must ensure their rates comply with state laws to avoid penalties or lawsuits.

4. Consumer Protection Laws
Even though hard money loans are not subject to the same regulations as banks, they still must follow consumer protection laws in many cases.

These laws help protect borrowers by requiring:

✅ Full disclosure of loan terms – Lenders must be transparent about interest rates, fees, and repayment terms.
✅ Fair lending practices – Predatory lending, misleading terms, or hidden fees are prohibited.
✅ Clear dispute resolution processes – Borrowers should have options for addressing complaints.

The Truth in Lending Act (TILA) and Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) may apply to certain hard money loans, especially those made to consumers rather than businesses.